YES it is actually possible to color SVGs that are stored in your Webflow assets. It's easier than you think, and it's fully supported- but it's not well-known.
- Demonstration website
https://external-svg-coloring.webflow.io/
- Webflow read-only project view
https://preview.webflow.com/preview/external-svg-coloring?preview=c789e60d065530ee760350626cf50901&workflow=preview
- Filter effect calculator
https://codepen.io/sosuke/pen/Pjoqqp
- Technical notes
https://external-svg-coloring.webflow.io/tech